Create an essay about Protein Folding in 500 words:

Molecular biology is a branch of biology which deals with the synthesis, structure, function, and molecular interactions of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and polysaccharides. The phenomenon of folding is called self-assembly.

The term “self-assembly” was coined in the late 1960s to describe molecular processes that occur through interactions between separate molecules or molecular building blocks without a guiding hand of an external agent. The term was invented because the process was considered inherently different from that of chemical synthesis and crystal formation. In the last century, many scientists have attempted to design molecules that would assemble themselves from separate components.

For example, in the 1960s, C.N. Yang and Robert Corey developed a model for enzymatic peptide synthesis in which the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is first folded by a synthetic enzyme, which is then cleaved from the product. Carl Pabo and coworkers developed a set of artificial enzymes that could fold short polypeptides into structures resembling proteins.

Since that time, a great deal of effort has been made to develop other self-folding proteins. Most of these efforts have focused on proteins that are small enough to be synthesized and folded in a test tube. In the process, a number of useful protein engineering methods have been developed.

Some proteins, like barnase, have been engineered to fold in an autonomous fashion in vitro. In these cases, the protein is not designed to fold in a test tube, but rather to fold in vivo. One strategy for making an autonomous protein is to use a protein with a high intrinsic efficiency of folding. Another strategy is to use a protein with a high intrinsic unfolding rate.

The main idea in this process is to put the protein in a situation that destabilizes the unfolded state. This can be accomplished by means of disulfide bond formation. The protein is engineered to contain cysteine residues at strategic positions. The protein is allowed to fold in vitro. The protein is then incubated in the presence of a reducing agent that forces the disulfide bonds to form. The result is a protein that folds autonomously in a test tube.

Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The amino acids are linked together in a linear fashion. The linear protein is coiled into a three-dimensional structure. The structure is stabilized by noncovalent interactions. These interactions include hydrogen bonds, nonpolar interactions, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions.

Proteins are very large molecules. To understand how they fold, it is helpful to think of the process in terms of a polymer. The polymer chain is folded in a way that minimizes the free energy of the system. The chain is also folded so that the hydrophobic amino acids are in the interior region of the protein and the hydrophilic amino acids are on the surface.

It should be noted that the folding of proteins is not as simple as the folding of a polymer. The hydrophobic interactions between hydrophobic amino acids are quite strong and do not completely dissociate even when the protein is folded. The hydrophobic interactions are balanced by van der Waals interactions between the exposed hydrophilic amino acids and the surrounding solvent.

The interactions between the amino acids are more than simple covalent bonds. The bond strength and the orientation are dependent on the local environment. The interactions between the alpha carbon of one amino acid and the alpha carbon of the next amino acid are much stronger than the interactions between the side chains

Create an essay about AlphaGo in 500 words:

The history of computer Go began in the early 1970s, when it was demonstrated that reasonably good players could be developed by neural networks. A few years later, the idea that a computer could play Go well enough to beat a professional human player was proposed, but the idea was generally dismissed as being far too ambitious.

In 1989, researchers at the University of Essex developed a Go-playing program using neural networks called Deep Thought. Deep Thought was able to beat a top Japanese professional Go player, Takagi Shoichi, in 1989.

In 1997, IBM's Deep Blue program beat the world champion, Garry Kasparov, in chess. This victory sparked interest in developing a program to beat the best Go players in the world.

A Go program based on a Monte Carlo tree search algorithm, developed by researchers at Google DeepMind, defeated the European Go champion in October 2015. This program, called AlphaGo, beat the Go champion, Lee Sedol, in March 2016.

The program that beat Lee Sedol is a neural network that is able to "learn" in a way that mimics human learning. The program uses two neural networks: one to evaluate positions on the board, and the other to select moves.

The idea was to have the program play against itself, and learn by itself. The program started out playing only at the amateur level, but learned to play good enough moves to beat the top players in the world.

The program learned to select the good moves by playing against itself millions of times, while also playing against other software.

The program "learned" by playing against itself, and adjusting its own rules. The program can now make moves better than any human player can make.

The program has been defeated at times, but it has proven in each case that it can learn from its mistakes. The next step is to get the program to play the game at an even higher level, and to have it win every game.

The program has already been used to test and improve other programs used in other types of games. It may be possible for the program to be used to improve some other types of programs that are used by humans.

The development of the AlphaGo program has caused people to think about other ways to improve the program. One idea is to have it play against itself, but to have it play against programs that have been programmed to play in the style of the best players.

This program has already been improved to the point where it is now unbeatable by any human player.

This program is a good example of the way that we can use computer programs to help us do things that we would not be able to do otherwise.

The AlphaGo program could help us to do better things in many other ways.

The program could be used to help us find cures for diseases, and it could be used to help us find better ways to manage the world's natural resources.

The program could be used to help us manage the world's economies, and it could be used to help us find better ways to manage the world's political systems.

The program could also be used to help us to find better ways to manage the use of the world's natural resources.

We can use the program to help us to find better ways to manage the world's natural resources, and it can help us to find better ways to do many other things.

The development of the program has caused people to think about other ways to improve the program. One idea is to have it play against itself, but to have it play against programs that